China has dispatched over 40,000 personnel to 24 UN peacekeeping operations since 1990, with 13 Chinese peacekeepers sacrificing their lives in the frontline of operations. The peacekeepers in the formation come from troops most of which have participated in UN peacekeeping missions in Liberia, Mali, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Lebanon, Sudan and South Sudan. Wearing the UN peacekeepers' blue berets and scarves, the formation of peacekeepers marched through Tian'anmen Square and was reviewed for the first time in a National Day military parade. Standing on the same balcony where Mao Zedong proclaimed the founding of the Republic, President Xi Jinping looked down at the crowds of people in front of Tiananmen Square waving Five-Starred Red Flags.Ī formation of Chinese peacekeepers made their debut at a grand military parade, marking the 70th founding anniversary of the People's Republic China. The parade showcased China's achievements in building its national defense and armed forces in the past 70 years and reflect the outcomes of the recent reform of the people's armed forces. The scale of the parade was greater than the ones marking the 50th and 60th founding anniversaries of the PRC, as well as the V-Day military parade in 2015, according to Cai Zhijun, deputy head of the office of the leading group for the military parade. Xi Jinping, general secretary of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee, Chinese President, and chairman of the Central Military Commission, delivered an important speech. More than 100,000 military and civilian participants gathered at the heart of Beijing on 01 October 2019 for a military parade and a mass pageantry to celebrate the 70th founding anniversary of the People's Republic of China (PRC). The first program of the founding ceremony was the parade. In order to celebrate the establishment of the Provisional Central Government of the Chinese Soviet Republic, on November 7th, 1931, a grand founding ceremony was held in Yeping Village, 6 kilometers north of Ruijin City. Ruijin is located in the south of Jiangxi Province and was the capital of the Central Revolutionary Base in the 1930s. By isolating the influences of meteorological conditions and footprint regions in polluted episodes, we found that regional emission controls on average reduced PM levels by 44–45 %, and the reductions were close among SIA, SOA and POA at 260 m, whereas primary species showed relatively more reductions (55–67 %) than secondary aerosol species (33–44 %) at ground level.The military parade in Beijing is primarily an internal political event for the mobilization of Chinese society on a patriotic basis in difficult times. Our results demonstrated that the changes in meteorological conditions and PM loadings have affected SOA formation mechanisms, and the photochemical production of fresh SOA was more important during the control period. While the more oxidized SOA showed a large decrease by 75 %, the less oxidized SOA was comparable during (5.6 µg m −3) and after the control periods (6.5 µg m −3). However, we also observed significant changes in SOA composition at ground level. Positive matrix factorization of OA further illustrated that primary OA (POA) showed similar decreases as secondary OA (SOA) at both ground level (40 % vs. Organic aerosols (OAs) dominated PM 1 during the control period at both ground level and 260 m (55 and 53 %, respectively), while their contribution showed substantial decreases (∼ 40 %) associated with an increase in secondary inorganic aerosols (SIAs) after the parade, indicating a larger impact of emission controls on SIA than OA. Our results showed that the average PM 1 concentrations are 19.3 and 14.8 µg m −3 at ground level and 260 m, respectively, during the control period (20 August–3 September), which are 57 and 50 % lower than those after the control period (4–30 September). Here, we conducted synchronous measurements of submicron aerosols (PM 1) at ground level and 260 m on a meteorological tower by using a high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometer and an aerosol chemical speciation monitor, respectively, in Beijing from 22 August to 30 September. Strict emission controls were implemented in Beijing and adjacent provinces to ensure good air quality during the 2015 China Victory Day parade.
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